When the papacy returned to Rome in 1420 after an exile in Avignon because of schism that had begun in 1378, Pope Martin V began the task of restoring the city so that it would indicate the power of the restored papacy to govern not only the Church but also the political territory of the Papal States. The visual arts played an ever expanding and vital role in which the style of ancient Roman connoted not a single overarching political state but a single universal Church so convincingly developed in the work of Bramante, Raphael and Michelangelo.