We will start our journey with a discussion of the “Venus” figurines. These are ancient sculptures of the female form. The oldest is the “Venus of Hohle Fels” dating from about 37,000 years ago while her more famous companion, the “Venus of Willendorf” is about 27,000 years old. How were these images made and, more importantly, why? We will also include a discussion of related prehistoric cave paintings that illustrate the understanding of anatomy by members of prehistoric societies. The refinement of the representation of the human form by the civilizations of the antique world will be considered with an emphasis on the medical uses of these images.